What is a Lifting Gas?

A lifting gas is a gaseous substance used to create lighter-than-air vehicles. In order for a lifting gas to be successful, it needs to be lighter than the air around it in the environment. This will allow a certain amount of weight to float in the air. Balloons, commonly found at celebrations, use lifting gases to display a message in the air. Blimps and hot air balloons use this concept to allow the transport of people. Airplanes and helicopters do not use lifting gases as their main means of staying in the air and are not examples of this concept.

Hot Air Balloons in flight. Source

There are many different types of lifting gases which can be used. Here is a brief overview of some of them with their upsides and downsides.

Hot Air- As you increase the temperature of a substance, that material becomes less dense because it expands. Hot air balloons and other similar inventions using steam use this concept to their advantage by maintaining a temperature difference between the inside of the balloon and the environment around the balloon. This causes the air in the balloon to be lighter than the air in environment. The hot air balloon rises because of this and allows the user to fly. This temperature difference needs to be kept, otherwise the system and will slowly stabilize and the balloon will float back to the ground.

Hydrogen- Hydrogen, the lightest element on the planet, was considered for use in these applications. It was found to be dangerous though because of its affinity for combining with other substances in the air. This led to multiple accidents including the Hindenburg Blimp (below) setting fire in 1937 which led to 36 deaths. Since then it has only been experimentally used as a lifting gas.

Helium- Helium is the next lightest element on the periodic table. It is a noble gas which makes it highly nonreactive. The downsides to Helium is that it will lift less than Hydrogen and costs a lot more since it is rarer. Nevertheless Balloons and Blimps alike use Helium today due to the fact that it is one of the safest lifting gases to use.

Neon- Neon, another noble gas similar to hydrogen, could theoretically be used as a lifting gas. It is impractical though since it weights more than Helium and therefore could lift less. On top of that it is scarcer and more costly to produce.

Methane- Methane (below), or CH4, is a gas which can be used as a lifting gas in some circumstances. It is much heavier than either Helium or Hydrogen and therefore can lift relatively light objects compared to it's counterparts. Methane is also a reactive substance like hydrogen and therefore is impractical for those concerned with safety.

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Sources:
http://www.airships.net/helium-hydrogen-airships/
http://www.chem.hawaii.edu/uham/lift.html

Who Invented the Mole?

The concept of the mole rests heavily on the work done by Amadeus Avogadro in the early 1800s. He came up with a hypothesis which read "equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties." This hypothesis basically assumes that their is a given number of molecules in a certain volume. This proportion forms the basis of the mole concept, which is a way to convert molecules to a measurable unit. If you have 6.02*10^23 molecules, then you have a mole and vice-versa. 

Estimates for this proportion were first presented in 1865 by Josef Loschmidt. His estimate was incorrect, yet more than 40 years later, in 1908, Jean Baptiste Perrin determined an accurate estimate. In honor of the work done by Loschmidt though, the number was originally named Loschmidt's constant. This number, 6.02 x 10^23, was determined to be the number of molecules in one mole of a gaseous substance. August Horstmann, a German chemist, was the first to explore this relationship between moles and grams and introduced his findings to the scientific community in 1881. While gaseous substances all had the same number of molecules in a mole, solids and liquids vary based on the substance. 

The term "mole" itself was introduced in 1897 by Wilhelm Ostwald, who defined the constant as "the amount of gas which occupies 22.414 liters." The word "mole" was based off the German word "Molekül". After Perrin determined the correct constant between molecules and moles, chemists could relate molecules to moles to liters of gas. This was an exciting development that led to further innovations. Thank you for reading this article!

Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEl4jeETVmg
https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/1930/who-invented-the-mole
http://www.chemistry.co.nz/avogadro.htm